All essays

Spinoza’s philosophy offers five demanding but liberating lessons: reality is one, mind and body are connected, life strives to persist, causes shape…

Cruel people may appear to win, but material success is not the same as inner freedom. Spinoza’s philosophy offers a clearer way…

Spinoza’s Ethics offers a practical philosophy of mind, emotion, and freedom. By understanding causation, we can replace confusion with clarity and move…

Spinoza’s philosophy challenges the idea of a personal God who suspends nature for human requests. His alternative is not despair, but a…

A careful reading of the Adam and Eve narrative reveals seven tensions involving divine knowledge, mortality, moral responsibility, plural language, suffering, human…

Spinoza challenged the idea that a meaningful life depends on fear of punishment after death. His philosophy offers a disciplined alternative: understand…

Baruch Spinoza’s radical approach to Scripture transformed how readers think about Jesus, historical evidence, religious authority, and the relationship between reason and…

Spinoza’s philosophy offers a demanding but liberating response to mortality: understand what you are, widen your perspective, and use the time you…

Baruch Spinoza offered a radical answer to the problem of evil: suffering is not a flaw in divine creation but a consequence…